Sample of an Essay Introduction

Sample of an Essay IntroductionStudents who are working on their second or third college essays should consider using samples of an essay introduction in order to get their feet wet in the creative world of essay writing. Writing an essay is no easy task, especially if you have not done it before.Since so many of your classmates are preparing their first college essays, and you need one that they can relate to, it is probably a good idea for you to give them some suggestions for topics to write about in their assignments. This can save you from having to write about the same subject over again, as you may be busy with other tasks while the assignment is going through the professor's hands. You can also write a sample of an essay introduction to help you brainstorm ideas for your first essay.A sample of an essay introduction provides you with an idea of what to include in the beginning and ending paragraphs. It can give you ideas about what the main point of the essay should be and gi ve you an idea of what to put at the end. It can also provide you with ideas for adding up your own ideas into an outline. When you know what to expect, your students will have the information they need to write a proper introduction that is both interesting and meaningful.In addition to this, the sample of an essay introduction can also provide your students with ideas on how to structure your own introduction. This can help you prepare for class discussions and helps you learn how to write good essay topics. As long as you take the time to take a look at samples of an essay introduction, you will be sure to use it at the end of the semester when your students start writing an essay.There are plenty of different samples of an essay introduction available for you to choose from. Most do not cost much money and are easily available on the Internet. You can easily find one that has helpful tips on how to write the introduction that you have in mind.You should plan to review the sample s of an essay introduction before writing an essay. This will give you ideas on what you should include in your own introduction and give you ideas on how to start and finish the essay. There are a lot of things that you need to learn when writing an essay, and a sample of an essay introduction will help you get started with writing an interesting and informative essay.Before you know it, you will be able to write an essay based on the sample of an essay introduction that you used. You can help your students by giving them some pointers on how to write the introduction that will help them achieve their goals.

Land Of Sunshine State Of Dreams By Gary Mormino - 1267 Words

Florida has always been a beautiful state aligned with unique natural wonders which has made it a location of wonder within the U.S. Even with Florida’s majestic natural appeal the state in its territorial years struggled with its public image as Indian attacks were common place in the region along with yellow fever and environmental phenomena such as hurricanes. Following in the end of the Seminole and the Civil war Florida began to search for a new identity and sense of prosperity in the face of massive changes to its economy and societal structure. With the advent of new technologies, the borders of Florida for the first time were opened to larger encompassing audience of visitors from all over the country who came to marvel at the natural landscape and relax in the temperate weather. Gary Mormino author of â€Å"Land of Sunshine State of Dreams† described in his book the factors and obstacles which challenged and ultimately propelled Florida to experience monumental growth in the 20th century. From the rapid use of automobiles to the creation of the magic Kingdom Florida has numerous factors to acknowledge when recognizing its recent success in America. While Gary Mormino book makes no effort to shy away from the less favorable aspects Florida history including the financial struggles of the early nineties, his book is clearly portraying an optimistic tone which echoes the glories of Florida’s past and future. Entering the 20th century Florida was amidst an identity crisis in

Addition Rules in Probability and Statistics

Addition rules are important in probability. These rules provide us with a way to calculate the probability of the event A or B, provided that we know the probability of A and the probability of B. Sometimes the or is replaced by U, the symbol from set theory that denotes the union of two sets. The precise addition rule to use is dependent upon whether event A and event B are mutually exclusive or not. Addition Rule for Mutually Exclusive Events If events A and B are mutually exclusive, then the probability of A or B is the sum of the probability of A and the probability of B.   We write this compactly as follows: P(A or B) P(A) P(B) Generalized Addition Rule for Any Two Events The above formula can be generalized for situations where events may not necessarily be mutually exclusive. For any two events A and B, the probability of A or B is the sum of the probability of A and the probability of B minus the shared probability of both A and B: P(A or B) P(A) P(B) - P(A and B) Sometimes the word and is replaced by ∠©, which is the symbol from set theory that denotes the intersection of two sets. The addition rule for mutually exclusive events is really a special case of the generalized rule. This is because if A and B are mutually exclusive, then the probability of both A and B is zero. Example #1 We will see examples of how to use these addition rules. Suppose that we draw a card from a well-shuffled standard deck of cards. We want to determine the probability that the card drawn is a two or a face card. The event a face card is drawn is mutually exclusive with the event a two is drawn, so we will simply need to add the probabilities of these two events together. There are a total of 12 face cards, and so the probability of drawing a face card is 12/52. There are four twos in the deck, and so the probability of drawing a two is 4/52. This means that the probability of drawing a two or a face card is 12/52 4/52 16/52. Example #2 Now suppose that we draw a card from a well-shuffled standard deck of cards. Now we want to determine the probability of drawing a red card or an ace. In this case, the two events are not mutually exclusive. The ace of hearts and the ace of diamonds are elements of the set of red cards and the set of aces. We consider three probabilities and then combine them using the generalized addition rule: The probability of drawing a red card is 26/52The probability of drawing an ace is 4/52The probability of drawing a red card and an ace is 2/52 This means that the probability of drawing a red card or an ace is 26/524/52 - 2/52 28/52.

Life And Life Of Aurora - 1327 Words

Aurora is 16 years old. She has hazel eyes,long brown curly hair and loves to be fashionable. Everyday Aurora and her parents go to the gym to workout and to be fit. Her parents lover her only beloved child. Her parents are rich they have a huge clever house and every time a recent car comes out they buy it. They all go to church on Sundays and love to meet new people. Aurora’s parents are well-known and are friendly to everyone. Everyone at school knows Aurora as well, she is popular and gets almost five thousand likes on her social media pictures. She is very active on her tumblr page since she loves to take pictures. When she grows up she wants to be a photographer. Aurora gets straight A’s at school, everyone admires her. Aurora loves†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å" Yeah, i’m fine† she replied back. â€Å" So do you?† â€Å" Yeah sure when?† â€Å"This coming Saturday at 3:00 pm† â€Å"okay† â€Å"Alright see you then† â€Å"But wait I would have to see first because i have other plans.† Aurora stated. â€Å"Okay just tell me Friday.† She didn’t knew what to do and just nodded her head with a little smile. Amelia her best friend reminded her that her birthday was this coming Saturday. Aurora has been thinking about it the whole day and decides to hang out with Evan and to just give Amelia her present. Although she is a little rude, and disrespectful she doesn t deserve to be sad on her birthday. On friday Aurora decides to ask Evan on twitter where they would go. He replies saying â€Å"Let’s go hunting, I heard that you were good with the bow and arrow†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"Alright† Aurora stated. The next day, Aurora asked Evan if he could take her to her friends house to take Amelia’s present since it was her birthday he said sure but with a frustrated emoji. Aurora got Amelia a giant fluffy bear that was about 6’3 of height. Aurora was thinking if Evan’s car was big enough for the present to fit. Eventually, Evan had a truck. When they got there they knocked on the front door, Amelia opened the the door and the first thing she saw a giant fluffy bear outside her door and that’s when Aurora said â€Å"Surprise!† Amelia was shocked and said â€Å"Aww thank you, come on in† but Aurora knew she couldn’t â€Å"I can’t, I’m sorry.† She explained to her that Evan invited her toShow MoreRelate dLife On Earth Is Ending, Aurora Essay1891 Words   |  8 PagesLife on Earth is ending, Aurora, when yours only just began. Our morning started like any other: me, cocooned in cotton but so very free—because there you were, curled up beside me. Slipping out of bed, I tiptoed to the kitchen to prepare your breakfast. Outside, snow spiraled through the late-December air. Peering through the frosted window, I smiled, reveling in the thought of us, living inside of our own personal snow globe. As I reached for the remote control to turn on the weather channel,Read MoreThe Wounding Aurora By Sarah Waters Essay1626 Words   |  7 PagesThe Wounding Aurora Sarah Waters’ Affinity uses the identity, Aurora, to represent a wound for the main character, Margaret Prior. The identity of Aurora haunts Margaret through its representation of her past relationship with her former lover Helen; Aurora’s the nickname Helen had for Margaret during their relationship (Waters 114). Therefore, Margaret’s haunted by the person she used to resemble in her relationship with Helen effectively named Aurora; a person she desperately wants to become againRead MoreEssay about Aurora Leigh882 Words   |  4 Pages Aurora Leigh The story Aurora Leigh is the story of a fictional woman poet. This story was Elizabeth Barret Brownings greatest achievement. This was the first major poem in English Literature in which the heroine, just like the author was a woman writer. This story had a lot to do with Aurora as a rising poet in a society that did not except woman as artists. Society set a restriction on women because of the role that was put upon them. Society basically sets the women into an imprisonmentRead More Feminism in Elizabeth Barrett Brownings Aurora Leigh Essay1168 Words   |  5 PagesFeminism in Elizabeth Barrett Brownings Aurora Leigh In Aurora Leigh, Elizabeth Barrett Browning creates an independent, intelligent young woman. Barrett Browning successfully demonstrates the difficult obstacles women had to overcome in the Victorian period. There were preconceived ideas of what proper women were suppose to do with their life. Not that this idea has completely been surmounted in our time. Barrett Browning though is optimistic about the goals women can achieve. She wantsRead MoreA Turning Point Is A Stage Or Occasion In Life Where An1098 Words   |  5 Pages A turning point is a stage or occasion in life where an individual undergoes a major transformation of views about the meaning of life and self-identity. Emma is the character who exhibits a major turning point based on her actions in ‘Terms of endearment. Emma’s turning point occurred when she realized that she was suffering from a terminal condition. Emma’s realization that she was suffering from cancer and that she would soon die formed th e basis of her ideological transformation. Not onlyRead MoreA Report On The Phoenix Aurora1095 Words   |  5 PagesJessica Godoy 816616470 ASTR 109 Joanna Gore The Phoenix Aurora In the middle of a September night in 2015, Iceland’s dancing skies put on a spectacular show. At around 3:30 am, the flash of a massive phoenix made an appearance and was gone just as fast. This astronomical phenomenon is called an aurora. The vibrant lights that move across the dark skies attract the attention of many stargazers, tourists, and astronomers. As a result of the large attraction, astronomers have studied the interactionRead MoreTrue Loves Actions Between Frozen And Maleficent914 Words   |  4 PagesArendelle believe Elsa is a monster. He uses this as an opportunity to gain their trust. He provides warm blankets and shelter due to the frozen state Arendelle is in. Anna discovers Hans’s true intentions when he betrays her by not saving her life. Anna’s life is in danger of turning into a frozen state. Hans refuses to kiss her. His ambitions of becoming the King of Arendelle is hidden hiding his true nature. Furthermore, in the movie Maleficent, St ephen hides his true intentions by utilizing hisRead MoreMy Life At Bay Path University876 Words   |  4 PagesAurora Hoey. She’s an 18-year old student at Bay Path University. She’s moved around a lot in her life from place to place in Massachusetts but right now she calls Northfield, Vermont her home. Her family means so much to her. She has 2 little brothers who mean the world to her. Including her little brothers she has four half siblings, three step siblings, and two adoptive sibling for a total of 9 siblings. Everyone in her life is significantly important in her life, but no one could ever compareRead More Aurora is a Typical Teenager in Among The Mourners Essay examples1088 Words   |  5 Pages Aurora is a Typical Teenager in Among The Mourners In the classical short story Among the Mourners, written by Ellen Gilchrist, a thirteen year old female deals with difficult times. Aurora, the protagonist, is an average teenager who is faced with emotions of mortification and lust. Among the Mourners conveys Auroras feelings through the wake her parents have at her house, her new boyfriend, Giorgio, and her parents marriage. Many times Aurora seems to be being over-dramatic throughRead MoreAurora Summary1152 Words   |  5 PagesrorAurora Summary The story, which relies heavily upon sexual references and drug use, opens with the first-person narrator and his friend, Cut,  buying  a stash of weed, some of which they use as they drive  home  to sort, weigh, and bag. Cut is eating cookies, but the narrator is waiting for his girlfriend. He notices that the places where she d scratched him are  healing. When she arrives, he notes that she s skinny like a twelve-year-old and that she has the  shakes, coming down off some drug

Literature A Road For Victory - 1156 Words

Literature: A Road to Victory â€Å"The best way to think about reality, I had decided, was to get as far away from it as pos-sible†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Murakami). What better way to escape than to read that favorite book of yours. Don’t have a favorite book? Well, let me introduce you to the wonderful world of literature. Like many others out there today, one may think reading is boring. I’d like to think that is only because they have not found that one book that catches their attention. It is sort of like those who judge food without trying it; you don’t know until you try it. Being forced to read a book in high school is not the same as reading a book for pleasure. When you take the time to read, and actually com-prehend what is written, it can open your eyes to a completely new world you had no idea exist-ed. It is another form of your imagination; and without imagination, how can people do and cre-ate the new technology for our future? Literature is one of the most important things in this w orld. This will give you the knowledge you need to complete anything in life: it is truly the key to success. Literature allows people to escape reality. It can also be very calming to some. Reading about others and seeing life through their eyes can often bring light to a situation. It’s almost as if you re walking in their shoes. Poems, short stories, and novels are a great example of ways to escape for most people who read. You can genuinely relate to what the author is trying to express throughShow MoreRelated Wilfred Owens Dulce Et Decorum Est, Tim OBriens The Things They Carried, and Siegfried Sassoons Suicide in the Trenches1360 Words   |  6 Pagesand heart-felt images as they write about the true occurrences, problems, feelings and emotions that soldiers encountered throughout times of war. It is by way of these writers words that the bloody truth of war is heard, rather than the glorified victories heard which overlook the pain that soldiers went through. One beautifully written piece of work by Wilfred Owen is entitled Dulce Et Decorum Est. Just as the poem is written in a rhyme and rhythm that makes poetry easy to follow, the vivid imageryRead MoreClassical Societies : China, Athens, And Rome Essay876 Words   |  4 Pageswealth fueled its urban development of statues, pools, fountains, arches, temples, stadiums. Rome was the first to use of concrete as construction material. Han China and Roman empire had engineering accomplishments. China had roads, canals, and the great wall. Rome accomplished roads, aqueducts, amphitheaters, domes, sewage systems, and central heating. Han China expanded for economic reasons which would bring great wealth in the end while Rome and Greece developed to conquer the nearby land. Unlike theRead MoreBeowulf As A Heros Journey1624 Words   |  7 Pagessteps in between. Comparative mythologist, Joseph Campbell, would summarize the journey as follows: a hero ventures forth from the world of common day into a region of supernatural wonder where fabulous forces are there encountered and a decisive victory is won; the hero comes back from this mysterious adventure with the power to bestow boons on his fellow man (Campbell 28). Beowulf’s adventure follows a 17-step process with parallels to other archetypal heroes. Almost all heroes come into the worldRead MoreThe Mexican American War By Daniel Timi1492 Words   |  6 Pageswhich began with a fight, followed by a series of numerous victories the United States. When the dust cleared, Mexico had lost roughly one-third of its region. The regions included all the states such as Arizona, New Mexico, California, and Utah. At the end of the U.S. Mexican War, historians have divided into their explanations. Some his torians hold United States accountable while others put the blame on Mexico. The studies of the literature show majority of writers have taken into consideration thatRead MoreThe Power of Mark Antony’s Speech in Julius Caesar and Winston Churchill’s Speech, Blood, Toil, Tears, and Sweat782 Words   |  4 PagesPathos was used in a manner to explain to the House and the whole Country in general what his goal was for his country. Churchill was willing to sacrifice for the safety of the United Kingdom, â€Å"victory at all costs, victory in spite of all terror, victory, however long and hard the road may be; for without victory, there is no survival† (Churchill P5). Churchill means that even if the country of the United Kingdom has to lose or sacrifice in order to rise above Germany, that is their goal because if theyRead More America as the New Rome Essay999 Words   |  4 Pagesoften described as the World Wars of the early world. The first Punic war was the re al test of Rome, their first big victory that opened the world’s eyes to the power of the nation. It was their first naval victory and it was against the greatest navy on earth. Much like the first World War opened the world’s eye to the might of the red, white, and blue. In both cases, the war victory was one that gained the country respect. In both World War II and in the Second Punic war, the enemy made a fatal mistakeRead More Housman’s Poem, To an Athlete Dying Young Essay1240 Words   |  5 Pagesone is a champion, and not letting the fame fade. Critic Scott-Kilvert says that Housman â€Å"voices the familiar passions of humanity with a death dealing sweetness† (Scott-Kilvert 628) This poem may be considered an elegy, or a piece of Romance literature. It has seven quatrains of rhymed iambic tetrameter, and each line containing eight syllables. The even numbered syllables are stressed, and the first, second, third, and fourth lines rhyme on the final syllable (Magil 3,889). The setting of theRead MoreThe Three Major Empires Essay examples1016 Words   |  5 Pagesthrough warfare. One group forcibly dictating it’s rule over another group. In my paper I will look at how Rome, China, and India extended their rule over their neighbors. I will also compare and contrast their hierarchical structures, historical literature, and emphasis on armed forces. The traditional founding date of Rome is 753 B.C.E, although this may not be accurate it probably is not far off. At conception the neighboring Etruscan’s ruled Rome. The Romans learned about city building fromRead MoreLiterary Reflection820 Words   |  4 PagesLiterary Reflection As literature has progressed throughout the centuries, one of the basic principles has remained the same and that is: for literature to be effective, the reader must establish a connection of some sort to the literary work. Looking at the story from a theological standpoint, Alice Walker’s short story, The Welcome Table (1970), makes the reader not only imagine the struggles colored people had to endure but also knowing that having faith in Jesus can bring about a sense of joyRead MoreErnest Hemingways The Old Man and the Sea1685 Words   |  7 Pagesto be loyal to Santiago. The old man and the sea’s style is subtle, its plot is basic yet the end you might realize how beautiful the world can be in its simplicity. The story pushed Hemingway into winning Pulitzer Prize and the Nobel Prize for literature in 1954 and with good reason as it is a masterpiece that revived Hemingway’s literary reputation. The fight Santiago undergoes in catching his dream marlin and th en losing it to sharks symbolizes the struggle of life to Hemingway. Some people believe

The Marketing Value

Question: Discuss about the Marketing Management. Answer: Introduction In order to acquire a good position in the market, the business organizations aim to focus on their offered product. By adding customer value, the business organizations aim to increase the buying decisions of the customers by having a better understanding on it (Mike, 2016). Moreover, it also helps them to segment their target market through a minute market analysis. This value addition also helps the organizations to expand the awareness of their brands by attracting more customers. The value addition helps the business organization to occupy an advantageous position among its competitors by building a healthy long term relationship with the customers. The marketing value is determined through quantitative and qualitative analysis. In the case of quantitative analysis, the price of the product is regarded, while the qualitative analysis refers to the individual response toward the value system; that can be physical, mental, emotional, economic, cultural or environmental factors. In order to acquire maximum consumer support, the chief aim of the business organizations needs to provide the consumers best quality products at reasonable prices with the assurance that they will provide help even after the purchase so that they can influence the customer perceptions (investopedia.com, n.d). Customer Value-Product With the help of three major components of laser keyboard, the business organizations aim to increase the consumer value of a product. The first level refers to the value of core customers rather their buying decisions. The second level indicates to the packing and features of a product, while, the third level suggests to the augmented value with which the business organizations determines its organizational strategies (marketing-insider.eu, 2015). Core Customer Value The chief product is the laser keyboard which seems to be highly portable and easily attachable to any electronic device. Moreover, it is very effective in solving factorial issues which refers to the scientific definition of human capabilities and limitation that help to produce a more effective and safe and dependable product along with creating an efficient learning environment. Unlike the clumsy hardware keyboard, the laser keyboard helps to keep the surroundings compact and clean and also influence to improve the project quality of the students. Actual Level One of the main reasons behind the popularity of laser keyboard is its various interesting, smart features. This keyboard is also available in various colors and shapes. Consumers are supposed to get this product in a very safe manner as it is delivered in a bubble bag which seems to be placed in a hard box. Moreover, it has various parts namely Keyboard pattern projector, linear laser and infrared light camera along with the screw cap, front panel, bottom base, side frame and nylon column. The most attractive feature of this keyboard is its inbuilt power bank of 5200mAh. In addition, it also allows the consumers to write in different languages with several visual stickers. Its potable cable can be used as keychain which seems to be as handy as the handy key bunches (banggood.com, n.d). Augmented Product With the help of the non-physical aspect of a product namely the augmented aspect, the business organizations tend to add best customer value along with providing them effective experiences of their particular brand. In the case of laser keyboard, the customers tend to get a warranty period of one year along with the option of a specific website, where they can report if they face any difficulty in the configuration of the product. Moreover, as per the special service of laser keyboard, the old product can be exchanged with the new and updated product at a compensated price (banggood.com, n.d). Seizing Customer Value-Price The pricing strategy seems to be the most influential factor of the business entities with which desired amount of revenue can be generated from the consumers. This pricing strategy seems to be a variable factor in accordance with the profit level and influence of consumer buying decisions are concerned. In the case of laser keyboard, penetration pricing strategy has been adapted. Penetration pricing strategy, as per the Investopedias website, helps the business entities to successfully attract the consumers towards the innovative features of a new product. By employing this strategy, the business organizations try to attract the consumers at the beginning of the introduction of a new product so that they can attract a huge number of consumers towards their product among the immense competitive market. As per this marketing concept, it is observed that the low price of a particular product can make the consumers bound to increase their awareness about its information and to buy that product (investopedia.com, n.d). In the case of laser keyboard, the price has been considered as 27.30 OMR after the detailed examination of the manufacturing and supplying costs with one year warranty assurance. The laser keyboards are developed in the local factories for lower manufacture cost and then finally they are supplied to the various electronic shops of Oman. The major constituting elements of laser keyboard are LED infrared light, silicon and rubber buttons. The product of laser keyboards are seems to be the new products along with the organization in the Oman market. For this reason, this organization does not have any competitors in Oman. Therefore, it will take time to attract the attention of the consumers in Oman. However, it can be assumed that with the passing time in technological advancement and with the increasing awareness about the offered product along with the new trend of handy and stylish keyboards, the consumers of not only Oman but also from all around the world will show interest in th e pricing and new features of laser keyboard. Conclusion Thus, it can be said that the two constituting elements of marketing mix namely the price and the product helps to determine customer value. In recent times the consumers tend to analyze the fact that at the time of buying, they are giving the right amount for the deserved product. In order to determine a successful marketing strategy, the business organizations need to first evaluate the demands and expectations of the consumers depending upon which the price and development of the product are supposed to be determined so that it can surprise the consumers and exceed their expectations.

Accounting and Finance for Capital Budgeting Tools - myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theAccounting and Finance for Capital Budgeting Tools. Answer: Introduction Capital budgeting tools and techniques are used to analyse an investment proposal. Various methods like Net Present Value, Internal Rate of Return, Pay-Back Period are been applied to check the effectiveness of the proposal. It is considered to be the most challenging task for the management because it involves the process of decision making about the investment in a particular plan. This includes allocation of funds to a specific project for a specific period of time in order to achieve the goals and objectives of the organization. A company can choose its investment proposal on the basis of capital budgeting methods. Cost- Volume Profit analysis is a method of determining changes in cost and volume which directly affect operating profit of an organization. The analysis also helps in calculating contribution per unit, analysis of limiting factor and to identify the profit maximising sales mix. Dangerous Dessert Company (DDC) is an enterprise that deals in the production of desserts and offers a wide range of products like bakery items, fresh fruit products, dairy products and ice creams. The company has set a division range for one of its product that is vanilla ice cream. The division range of the ice cream is Single Whammy, Double Whammy and Triple Whammy. Recently the company has opted for an investment proposal for delivering vanilla ice cream directly to the general public. It has also prepared a budget for the same product. Bespoke Golf Club is an organization which is financed by the employees of Bespoke Built Ltd. Peter Kwok has recently joined the club and want to know about the final accounts of the club. The report presented by the treasurer in the meeting did not show a clear picture of the financial position of the club and was not according to the rules of accounting. Peter wanted the accounts to be reported in a proper format and also according to standard rules and guidelines. This report consist of the analysis of the investment proposal chosen by DDC and the calculation of contribution per unit, sales mix and analysis of limiting factor as per the budget prepared by DDC. The report also contains the information about the accounting rules which are required to be adopted by the treasurer of Bespoke along with their explanation. Preparation of clubs accounts in proper format and as per rules is also done in this report. Investment Appraisal DDC is evaluating an investment proposal which is concerned with the direct delivery of ice-creams to the public. NPV method and Pay-Back Period method is used to evaluate this project. Calculation of Net Present Value Cash Outflows ($ million) Years 0 1 2 3 4 5 Cost of Vans 60000 Pre-launch advertising 100000 Salary of van drivers 50000 50000 125000 125000 125000 Van running cost 10000 12000 14000 16000 18000 cost of running central services 60000 60000 80000 80000 80000 Advertising Budget cost 50000 50000 50000 50000 50000 Total 160000 170000 172000 269000 271000 273000 The above table shows the cash outflow that occurs during the five years. The purchase cost of two vans is $30000 each which have an expected life of 5 years. Pre-launch advertising expenses amounted to $100000 and the advertising budget prepared by the marketing department for 5 years is expected to be $50000 per annum. Van drivers employed will have a salary of $25000 each per annum. Running costs of van are expected to $10000 in first year and then it will gradually increase by $2000 for the rest of the years. Cost of central services like accounting will increased by $60000 in year first and second and then by $80000 in year third, fourth and fifth. These are the total cash outflow occurred by the company in order to implement this project. Cash Inflow ($ million) Years 0 1 2 3 4 5 Cash Inflow 114000 228000 304000 342000 380000 The cash inflows presented in the above table are nothing but the contribution derived as per the estimated demand of vanilla ice-creams. The contribution is calculated on the basis of sales and variable cost. Average selling price is expected to be $5 per litre and the demand for the year 1 is 30000 litres, for year 2, 60000 litres and for third, fourth and fifth year, the demand is 80000, 90000 and 100000 litres respectively. Variable cost per unit of all the ingredients is $1.00 per litre and packaging cost is $.20 per litre. Contribution is calculated by subtracting total variable cost from total sales for each year. It is considered as the cash inflows occurred during the five years. Evaluation of NPV Years Cash outflows Cash Inflows Net Cash Inflow pvf@10% Present Value 0 160000 0 -160000 1 -160000 1 170000 114000 -56000 0.909091 -50909.09091 2 172000 228000 56000 0.826446 46280.99174 3 269000 304000 35000 0.751315 26296.01803 4 271000 342000 71000 0.683013 48493.95533 5 273000 380000 107000 0.620921 66438.58157 NPV ? -23,399.54 After calculating cash inflows and outflows, the next step is to calculate Net Present Value. NPV method is used to know about the profitability of a proposal in which investment has to be made. It uses present values of cash inflows on the basis of which, a proposal or a project is accepted or rejected. In other words, it is a simple accounting difference between the PV of cash inflow and PV of cash outflow. It can be positive, negative and zero. If NPV is positive which means PV of inflows is higher than PV of outflows. As a result, the project will be accepted. If it is negative, then the proposal is rejected because the PV of cash outflows is more than the PV of cash inflows. And if, NPV is equal to zero it means the present values of both inflow and outflow are equal and the project is accepted (Bierman Jr, Smidt, 2012). Advantages and Disadvantages Merits: The method helps in determining that whether the proposed project will increase the value of firm or not. NPV reveals that when the project will produce income and how important that income will be. It is used in calculating time value of money. Helps in comparing different projects. Evaluation of NPV always provide a correct decision regarding investments. Demerits: NPV is difficult to use. When the projects are of unequal life, NPV can provide incorrect decision. Appropriate discount rate cannot be calculated. The method is based on assumptions It is a very difficult task to determine the value of a project because there are many method to measure that. The time value of money factor is considered by the managers and for that they used NPV method. As this is based on predicted cash flows, the accounting practices like depreciation and many more does not affect the decision. So it is very important to use this method for knowing the profitability of a project. In the above table, NPV is evaluated at a discount rate of 10% and on the basis of the information provided in the scenario. The above table shows a negative NPV which means that the amount of present values of cash outflow is more than the cash inflow, so this project should be rejected. Calculation of Pay-Back Period Evaluation of Payback period Years Present Values Cumulative 0 -160000 1 -50909.09091 -210909.0909 2 46280.99174 -164628.0992 3 26296.01803 -138332.0811 4 48493.95533 -89838.12581 5 66438.58157 -23399.54424 Payback period Pay-Back period is the time taken by a project to recover the initial investment or outflow. In other words, it means how long a proposal will take to recoup the money invested in it. By knowing the payback period, investors can decide whether to invest in the desired proposal or not (Bierman Jr, Smidt, 2012). The above table shows that the project is not able to retrieve the amount invested in it during its life of 5 years. The amount gained from the project during the five years is not enough to meet the initial cash outlay. So it is suggested not to opt for this project. Analysis of the methods used The evaluation of both the methods shows that the proposal opted by DDC is not a desired one. Investing in it will not provide profits to the company. The NPV table shows that the project will not earn profits during its life span of five years. As the theory says that the investor should invest only in those projects that have a positive NPV. On the other hand, Payback period table represents that the project is not capable enough to recover the cash outlays incurred on it during its life span of 5 years. On the basis of above analysis, the proposal of purchasing two vans should not be accepted by DDC as it will result in creating loss for the company. So it is better for the company to avoid investing in this project. Budget DDC has prepared a budget for the production of range of vanilla ice-cream. It shows the consumption and cost of required ingredients per kilogram. Fixed and variable overheads along with the selling price per unit and quantity demanded for all three ranges is also mentioned in the budget. Contribution per unit, sales mix and analysis of limiting factor is done on the basis of provided budget. Calculation of contribution per Kilogram Contribution per kilogram ($) Single Whammy Double Whammy Triple Whammy Sales price per unit 2.00 2.50 3.00 less: variable cost per unit Material cost per unit 0.88 1.13 1.20 Sales commission@2% of sales 0.04 0.05 0.06 Outside carriers @4% of sales 0.08 0.10 0.12 Total variable cost 1.00 1.28 1.38 Contribution per kilogram 1.00 1.22 1.62 The above table shows contribution per kg calculated on the basis of data mentioned in the budget. Contribution per unit refers to the portion of total sales which is not consumed by variable costs and is used for covering fixed costs. It is Sales minus total variable costs. It is very important for the companies to calculate contribution margin because the amount left after deducting variable costs is used to cover fixed expenses or to add in the profit. The variable cost for DDC comprises of the material used in making of vanilla ice-cream, sales commission and outside carriers cost. Calculation of Material cost per Kg Material cost per unit Ingredients Single Whammy Cost Double Whammy Cost Triple Whammy Cost Cost per kg Milk 0.4 0.08 0.3 0.06 0.2 0.04 0.2 Cream 0.4 0.32 0.5 0.4 0.6 0.48 0.8 Castor sugar 0.1 0.1 0.09 0.09 0.08 0.08 1 Eggs 0.09 0.18 0.09 0.18 0.1 0.2 2 Vanilla pods 0.01 0.2 0.02 0.4 0.02 0.4 20 Total cost per Kg 0.88 1.13 1.2 This table shows the total material cost incurred in the production of ice-cream derived by multiplying cost per Kg with the consumption of each ingredient for each division. Material cost incurred for producing single whammy is $0.88 per Kg and for double and triple whammy, it is $1.13 per kg and $1.2 per kg respectively. Sales commission is calculated above is 2% of sales whereas outside carrier cost is 4% of sales. The total contribution per Kg for single, double and triple Whammy is $1.00, $1.22 and $1.62 respectively. Profit maximising Sales Mix Sales mix refers to the fraction of different products and services that covers the total sales of a company. In presence of a limiting factor, it is very important for an organization to make decision regarding an optimal sales mix which will derive higher profits. Companies should decide what product is to be produced and in what quantity. It should also evaluate that what quantity of limiting factor should be allocated to which product, so that profits can be maximised. In case of DDC, it has a short supply of vanilla pods from Madagascar because of the poor growing season. Considering it a limiting factor, company have to determine a sale mix which will maximise its profits. For this, following steps are been taken in order to calculate it. Required quantity of vanilla pods Calculation of quantity required of vanilla pods (limiting factor) Single whammy Double whammy Triple whammy Quantity Demanded 2000000 1350000 250000 Consumption of vanilla pods per kg 0.01 0.02 0.02 Total consumption of vanilla pods 20000 27000 5000 52000 The table shows the total consumption of vanilla pods required for the three divisions. It is calculated according to the quantity demand for each division. The total consumption is equal to 52000 kilos but the supply is limited to 45000 kilos. According to that, the sales mix will be obtained. Contribution of Vanilla Pods Contribution per unit of limiting factor (vanilla pods) Single whammy Double whammy Triple whammy Contribution per kilogram 1.00 1.22 1.62 Consumption of vanilla pods per kg 0.01 0.02 0.02 100.00 61.00 81.00 Rank I III II The next step involves the calculation of contribution per unit of the limiting factor that is vanilla pods. This is required to be calculated to attain an optimal sales mix. The above table shows that for producing the units of single whammy, 100% contribution of vanilla pods units is required as per the demand of the product. For double and triple whammy, it is 61% and 81%. On the basis of this, ranks are been given to the divisions in order of priority in production. This means that single whammy will be given first priority in production and triple whammy and double whammy will stand at second and third. Quantities to be produced Calculation of the production quantities Rank Vanilla units Vanilla units required Unit produced Single whammy I 20000 20000 2000000 Triple whammy II 5000 5000 250000 Double whammy III 20000 20000 1000000 Total 45000 3250000 Sales mix 61.54% 7.69% 30.77% After calculating the contribution per Kg, the next thing to do is to calculate how much quantity of what product is to be produced so that the total units of limiting factor can be used in a manner that the company can maximise its profits. The table presents that 20000 units of single whammy, 5000 units of triple whammy and 20000 units of double whammy is required to be produced with the consumption of vanilla pods. So the profit maximising sales mix is that single whammy has a weightage of 61.54%, triple whammy has 30.77% and the lowest weightage is given to double whammy that is 7.69% in a production plan. Limiting factor analysis Limiting factor basically means the constraints available in the resources which are used for production. They stop the business form maximizing its sales. Deficiency of labour, materials, machine hours and many more are considered as limiting factors in an organization. It is very important for the companies to perform an analysis of limiting factors, to increase its profits by making an optimal profit maximising sales mix. For DDC Company, vanilla pods which are used in production of vanilla ice-creams, are limiting factor. The option adopted by the company for its analysis is to calculate contribution per unit for different divisions, on the basis of which quantities of vanilla pods is allocated to the one who have higher preference as compare to others. The evaluation done above, shows that the total requirement of vanilla pods was 52000 Kilos but the company has the supply of 45000 kilos only. In regard to this, products quantity are calculated. 20000 units of single whammy can be produced using vanilla pods, satisfying the quantity demanded for that. Triple whammy production is on second priority and 5000 units are require to be produced. For that, 5000 vanilla pods units are used, meeting the demand of 250,000 Kg. For the production of double whammy, only 20000 units of vanilla pods are left to produce double whammy units. The units made, meet only the demand of 1000000 kilos, while initial demand for double whammy was 13500000 kilos. As this product has lowest contribution per unit, that is why it has given less priority and the demand is also reduced because there was not enough supply of vanilla pods to produce all the required units of double whammy which satisfies its initial demand. Accounting rules adopted by the treasurer Accounting rules are list of rules explain in detail and are required to be followed by accountants and treasurers in preparing final accounts of companies. Recording of transactions and creation of journal entries needed some rules that are known as three golden rules of accounting standards. These rules are classified according to the three different types of accounts named as Personal Account, Real Account and Nominal Account. The three golden rules are adopted by the treasures while preparing his report (Rajni, 2016). The three golden rules are: Debit the receiver, Credit the giver This rule is for personal account. It means that when an individual give some amount to the company, it is treated as an inflow and that individual becomes giver and his account is credited in the books of company. Similarly, if a person receives something form the company, then he is called a receiver and stands on the debit side of the books of business. Debit what comes in, Credit what goes out This rule is applicable for real account. Real account includes any property or goods which are either coming into the business or going out of the business. The rule states that if any property comes into the business, the account of that property will be debited in the books and similarly if any goods or property goes out of the business, the account of the same will be credited. The deposits done by the club for New Year and slide show are been credited in the books of accounts as per this rule. Debit all expenses and losses and Credit all incomes and gains This golden rule is for nominal account. This account generally includes business income, losses, expenses and gains. According to the rules, the account of expenses and losses incurred by the business will stand on the debit side of the accounts books. On the other hand, if business earns income and gains, the account of the same will have a credit balance. All the profit gained by the golf club from its activities have a credit balance and all the expenses incurred on the different events by the club are debited in its books of accounts Accounting rules should be adopted by treasurer The treasurer should use a proper format in presenting the financial statements of the club. The information presented by her in the balance sheet of accounts can be bifurcated into two accounts which are mandatory to be maintained as per accounting rules and standards. These accounts are Income and Expenditure account and Balance sheet. Income and Expenditure account includes balances of all the profits earned by the club and all the expenses incurred by it. All the capital expenditures are considered and then a surplus or a deficit is calculated, which is to be shown in the balance sheet on liabilities side. The balance sheet is the statement of balances of all the accounts which are maintained by the club. It represents the financial position give a clear view about the liquidity of the club. All the assets and liabilities of club are to be shown in this statement. This is also prepared according to the standards and rules of accounting. Preparing separate accounts will give a clear view of the financial position of the club. Financial accounts of the club Income and Expenditure Account for the year ending 2015-16 Expenditure Amount Income Amount Printing and Stationery 3300 Subscriptions 19500 Leader's expenses 160 Bus Cancelation fees 4060 Trainers expenses 10720 Private buses 1440 Postage/telephone charges 60 Christmas party 1730 Insurance 880 cheese and Wine 170 Hire of halls 2850 donations 50 General 420 Secretary 1310 Treasurer 360 General Expenses 420 surplus 6470 Total 26950 Total 26950 Balance Sheet Equity and Liabilities Amount Assets capital fund ( Mr Smith bequest) 960 Cash 52210 surplus 6470 Deposits 1780 Suspense account 46560 Total 53990 Total 53990 Conclusion The report concludes that for choosing an investment proposal, NPV and payback period method can be used as they gives a clear idea about the profitability of the project. DDC use these method to decide whether to invest in that proposal or not. CVP analysis tools are used to determine a sale mix which can increase companys profits. Calculation of contribution per unit and identification of a sales mix are the elements used to perform an analysis of a limiting factor. The report shows that how DDC have identified its profit maximising sales mix with the presence of limiting factors. It also concludes that proper accounting rules should be adopted in preparation of final accounts of the company. Treasurer must adopted three golden accounting rules and the standards of accounting while making the financial statements of Bespoke Golf Club. Using them will help the club to represent a fair and clear view of its position to the investors, its members and many other users. References Bierman Jr, H., Smidt, S. (2012).The capital budgeting decision: economic analysis of investment projects. Routledge. Rajni, S. (2016).Basic accounting. [S.l.]: Prentice-Hall Of India.