Accounting and Finance for Capital Budgeting Tools - myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theAccounting and Finance for Capital Budgeting Tools. Answer: Introduction Capital budgeting tools and techniques are used to analyse an investment proposal. Various methods like Net Present Value, Internal Rate of Return, Pay-Back Period are been applied to check the effectiveness of the proposal. It is considered to be the most challenging task for the management because it involves the process of decision making about the investment in a particular plan. This includes allocation of funds to a specific project for a specific period of time in order to achieve the goals and objectives of the organization. A company can choose its investment proposal on the basis of capital budgeting methods. Cost- Volume Profit analysis is a method of determining changes in cost and volume which directly affect operating profit of an organization. The analysis also helps in calculating contribution per unit, analysis of limiting factor and to identify the profit maximising sales mix. Dangerous Dessert Company (DDC) is an enterprise that deals in the production of desserts and offers a wide range of products like bakery items, fresh fruit products, dairy products and ice creams. The company has set a division range for one of its product that is vanilla ice cream. The division range of the ice cream is Single Whammy, Double Whammy and Triple Whammy. Recently the company has opted for an investment proposal for delivering vanilla ice cream directly to the general public. It has also prepared a budget for the same product. Bespoke Golf Club is an organization which is financed by the employees of Bespoke Built Ltd. Peter Kwok has recently joined the club and want to know about the final accounts of the club. The report presented by the treasurer in the meeting did not show a clear picture of the financial position of the club and was not according to the rules of accounting. Peter wanted the accounts to be reported in a proper format and also according to standard rules and guidelines. This report consist of the analysis of the investment proposal chosen by DDC and the calculation of contribution per unit, sales mix and analysis of limiting factor as per the budget prepared by DDC. The report also contains the information about the accounting rules which are required to be adopted by the treasurer of Bespoke along with their explanation. Preparation of clubs accounts in proper format and as per rules is also done in this report. Investment Appraisal DDC is evaluating an investment proposal which is concerned with the direct delivery of ice-creams to the public. NPV method and Pay-Back Period method is used to evaluate this project. Calculation of Net Present Value Cash Outflows ($ million) Years 0 1 2 3 4 5 Cost of Vans 60000 Pre-launch advertising 100000 Salary of van drivers 50000 50000 125000 125000 125000 Van running cost 10000 12000 14000 16000 18000 cost of running central services 60000 60000 80000 80000 80000 Advertising Budget cost 50000 50000 50000 50000 50000 Total 160000 170000 172000 269000 271000 273000 The above table shows the cash outflow that occurs during the five years. The purchase cost of two vans is $30000 each which have an expected life of 5 years. Pre-launch advertising expenses amounted to $100000 and the advertising budget prepared by the marketing department for 5 years is expected to be $50000 per annum. Van drivers employed will have a salary of $25000 each per annum. Running costs of van are expected to $10000 in first year and then it will gradually increase by $2000 for the rest of the years. Cost of central services like accounting will increased by $60000 in year first and second and then by $80000 in year third, fourth and fifth. These are the total cash outflow occurred by the company in order to implement this project. Cash Inflow ($ million) Years 0 1 2 3 4 5 Cash Inflow 114000 228000 304000 342000 380000 The cash inflows presented in the above table are nothing but the contribution derived as per the estimated demand of vanilla ice-creams. The contribution is calculated on the basis of sales and variable cost. Average selling price is expected to be $5 per litre and the demand for the year 1 is 30000 litres, for year 2, 60000 litres and for third, fourth and fifth year, the demand is 80000, 90000 and 100000 litres respectively. Variable cost per unit of all the ingredients is $1.00 per litre and packaging cost is $.20 per litre. Contribution is calculated by subtracting total variable cost from total sales for each year. It is considered as the cash inflows occurred during the five years. Evaluation of NPV Years Cash outflows Cash Inflows Net Cash Inflow pvf@10% Present Value 0 160000 0 -160000 1 -160000 1 170000 114000 -56000 0.909091 -50909.09091 2 172000 228000 56000 0.826446 46280.99174 3 269000 304000 35000 0.751315 26296.01803 4 271000 342000 71000 0.683013 48493.95533 5 273000 380000 107000 0.620921 66438.58157 NPV ? -23,399.54 After calculating cash inflows and outflows, the next step is to calculate Net Present Value. NPV method is used to know about the profitability of a proposal in which investment has to be made. It uses present values of cash inflows on the basis of which, a proposal or a project is accepted or rejected. In other words, it is a simple accounting difference between the PV of cash inflow and PV of cash outflow. It can be positive, negative and zero. If NPV is positive which means PV of inflows is higher than PV of outflows. As a result, the project will be accepted. If it is negative, then the proposal is rejected because the PV of cash outflows is more than the PV of cash inflows. And if, NPV is equal to zero it means the present values of both inflow and outflow are equal and the project is accepted (Bierman Jr, Smidt, 2012). Advantages and Disadvantages Merits: The method helps in determining that whether the proposed project will increase the value of firm or not. NPV reveals that when the project will produce income and how important that income will be. It is used in calculating time value of money. Helps in comparing different projects. Evaluation of NPV always provide a correct decision regarding investments. Demerits: NPV is difficult to use. When the projects are of unequal life, NPV can provide incorrect decision. Appropriate discount rate cannot be calculated. The method is based on assumptions It is a very difficult task to determine the value of a project because there are many method to measure that. The time value of money factor is considered by the managers and for that they used NPV method. As this is based on predicted cash flows, the accounting practices like depreciation and many more does not affect the decision. So it is very important to use this method for knowing the profitability of a project. In the above table, NPV is evaluated at a discount rate of 10% and on the basis of the information provided in the scenario. The above table shows a negative NPV which means that the amount of present values of cash outflow is more than the cash inflow, so this project should be rejected. Calculation of Pay-Back Period Evaluation of Payback period Years Present Values Cumulative 0 -160000 1 -50909.09091 -210909.0909 2 46280.99174 -164628.0992 3 26296.01803 -138332.0811 4 48493.95533 -89838.12581 5 66438.58157 -23399.54424 Payback period Pay-Back period is the time taken by a project to recover the initial investment or outflow. In other words, it means how long a proposal will take to recoup the money invested in it. By knowing the payback period, investors can decide whether to invest in the desired proposal or not (Bierman Jr, Smidt, 2012). The above table shows that the project is not able to retrieve the amount invested in it during its life of 5 years. The amount gained from the project during the five years is not enough to meet the initial cash outlay. So it is suggested not to opt for this project. Analysis of the methods used The evaluation of both the methods shows that the proposal opted by DDC is not a desired one. Investing in it will not provide profits to the company. The NPV table shows that the project will not earn profits during its life span of five years. As the theory says that the investor should invest only in those projects that have a positive NPV. On the other hand, Payback period table represents that the project is not capable enough to recover the cash outlays incurred on it during its life span of 5 years. On the basis of above analysis, the proposal of purchasing two vans should not be accepted by DDC as it will result in creating loss for the company. So it is better for the company to avoid investing in this project. Budget DDC has prepared a budget for the production of range of vanilla ice-cream. It shows the consumption and cost of required ingredients per kilogram. Fixed and variable overheads along with the selling price per unit and quantity demanded for all three ranges is also mentioned in the budget. Contribution per unit, sales mix and analysis of limiting factor is done on the basis of provided budget. Calculation of contribution per Kilogram Contribution per kilogram ($) Single Whammy Double Whammy Triple Whammy Sales price per unit 2.00 2.50 3.00 less: variable cost per unit Material cost per unit 0.88 1.13 1.20 Sales commission@2% of sales 0.04 0.05 0.06 Outside carriers @4% of sales 0.08 0.10 0.12 Total variable cost 1.00 1.28 1.38 Contribution per kilogram 1.00 1.22 1.62 The above table shows contribution per kg calculated on the basis of data mentioned in the budget. Contribution per unit refers to the portion of total sales which is not consumed by variable costs and is used for covering fixed costs. It is Sales minus total variable costs. It is very important for the companies to calculate contribution margin because the amount left after deducting variable costs is used to cover fixed expenses or to add in the profit. The variable cost for DDC comprises of the material used in making of vanilla ice-cream, sales commission and outside carriers cost. Calculation of Material cost per Kg Material cost per unit Ingredients Single Whammy Cost Double Whammy Cost Triple Whammy Cost Cost per kg Milk 0.4 0.08 0.3 0.06 0.2 0.04 0.2 Cream 0.4 0.32 0.5 0.4 0.6 0.48 0.8 Castor sugar 0.1 0.1 0.09 0.09 0.08 0.08 1 Eggs 0.09 0.18 0.09 0.18 0.1 0.2 2 Vanilla pods 0.01 0.2 0.02 0.4 0.02 0.4 20 Total cost per Kg 0.88 1.13 1.2 This table shows the total material cost incurred in the production of ice-cream derived by multiplying cost per Kg with the consumption of each ingredient for each division. Material cost incurred for producing single whammy is $0.88 per Kg and for double and triple whammy, it is $1.13 per kg and $1.2 per kg respectively. Sales commission is calculated above is 2% of sales whereas outside carrier cost is 4% of sales. The total contribution per Kg for single, double and triple Whammy is $1.00, $1.22 and $1.62 respectively. Profit maximising Sales Mix Sales mix refers to the fraction of different products and services that covers the total sales of a company. In presence of a limiting factor, it is very important for an organization to make decision regarding an optimal sales mix which will derive higher profits. Companies should decide what product is to be produced and in what quantity. It should also evaluate that what quantity of limiting factor should be allocated to which product, so that profits can be maximised. In case of DDC, it has a short supply of vanilla pods from Madagascar because of the poor growing season. Considering it a limiting factor, company have to determine a sale mix which will maximise its profits. For this, following steps are been taken in order to calculate it. Required quantity of vanilla pods Calculation of quantity required of vanilla pods (limiting factor) Single whammy Double whammy Triple whammy Quantity Demanded 2000000 1350000 250000 Consumption of vanilla pods per kg 0.01 0.02 0.02 Total consumption of vanilla pods 20000 27000 5000 52000 The table shows the total consumption of vanilla pods required for the three divisions. It is calculated according to the quantity demand for each division. The total consumption is equal to 52000 kilos but the supply is limited to 45000 kilos. According to that, the sales mix will be obtained. Contribution of Vanilla Pods Contribution per unit of limiting factor (vanilla pods) Single whammy Double whammy Triple whammy Contribution per kilogram 1.00 1.22 1.62 Consumption of vanilla pods per kg 0.01 0.02 0.02 100.00 61.00 81.00 Rank I III II The next step involves the calculation of contribution per unit of the limiting factor that is vanilla pods. This is required to be calculated to attain an optimal sales mix. The above table shows that for producing the units of single whammy, 100% contribution of vanilla pods units is required as per the demand of the product. For double and triple whammy, it is 61% and 81%. On the basis of this, ranks are been given to the divisions in order of priority in production. This means that single whammy will be given first priority in production and triple whammy and double whammy will stand at second and third. Quantities to be produced Calculation of the production quantities Rank Vanilla units Vanilla units required Unit produced Single whammy I 20000 20000 2000000 Triple whammy II 5000 5000 250000 Double whammy III 20000 20000 1000000 Total 45000 3250000 Sales mix 61.54% 7.69% 30.77% After calculating the contribution per Kg, the next thing to do is to calculate how much quantity of what product is to be produced so that the total units of limiting factor can be used in a manner that the company can maximise its profits. The table presents that 20000 units of single whammy, 5000 units of triple whammy and 20000 units of double whammy is required to be produced with the consumption of vanilla pods. So the profit maximising sales mix is that single whammy has a weightage of 61.54%, triple whammy has 30.77% and the lowest weightage is given to double whammy that is 7.69% in a production plan. Limiting factor analysis Limiting factor basically means the constraints available in the resources which are used for production. They stop the business form maximizing its sales. Deficiency of labour, materials, machine hours and many more are considered as limiting factors in an organization. It is very important for the companies to perform an analysis of limiting factors, to increase its profits by making an optimal profit maximising sales mix. For DDC Company, vanilla pods which are used in production of vanilla ice-creams, are limiting factor. The option adopted by the company for its analysis is to calculate contribution per unit for different divisions, on the basis of which quantities of vanilla pods is allocated to the one who have higher preference as compare to others. The evaluation done above, shows that the total requirement of vanilla pods was 52000 Kilos but the company has the supply of 45000 kilos only. In regard to this, products quantity are calculated. 20000 units of single whammy can be produced using vanilla pods, satisfying the quantity demanded for that. Triple whammy production is on second priority and 5000 units are require to be produced. For that, 5000 vanilla pods units are used, meeting the demand of 250,000 Kg. For the production of double whammy, only 20000 units of vanilla pods are left to produce double whammy units. The units made, meet only the demand of 1000000 kilos, while initial demand for double whammy was 13500000 kilos. As this product has lowest contribution per unit, that is why it has given less priority and the demand is also reduced because there was not enough supply of vanilla pods to produce all the required units of double whammy which satisfies its initial demand. Accounting rules adopted by the treasurer Accounting rules are list of rules explain in detail and are required to be followed by accountants and treasurers in preparing final accounts of companies. Recording of transactions and creation of journal entries needed some rules that are known as three golden rules of accounting standards. These rules are classified according to the three different types of accounts named as Personal Account, Real Account and Nominal Account. The three golden rules are adopted by the treasures while preparing his report (Rajni, 2016). The three golden rules are: Debit the receiver, Credit the giver This rule is for personal account. It means that when an individual give some amount to the company, it is treated as an inflow and that individual becomes giver and his account is credited in the books of company. Similarly, if a person receives something form the company, then he is called a receiver and stands on the debit side of the books of business. Debit what comes in, Credit what goes out This rule is applicable for real account. Real account includes any property or goods which are either coming into the business or going out of the business. The rule states that if any property comes into the business, the account of that property will be debited in the books and similarly if any goods or property goes out of the business, the account of the same will be credited. The deposits done by the club for New Year and slide show are been credited in the books of accounts as per this rule. Debit all expenses and losses and Credit all incomes and gains This golden rule is for nominal account. This account generally includes business income, losses, expenses and gains. According to the rules, the account of expenses and losses incurred by the business will stand on the debit side of the accounts books. On the other hand, if business earns income and gains, the account of the same will have a credit balance. All the profit gained by the golf club from its activities have a credit balance and all the expenses incurred on the different events by the club are debited in its books of accounts Accounting rules should be adopted by treasurer The treasurer should use a proper format in presenting the financial statements of the club. The information presented by her in the balance sheet of accounts can be bifurcated into two accounts which are mandatory to be maintained as per accounting rules and standards. These accounts are Income and Expenditure account and Balance sheet. Income and Expenditure account includes balances of all the profits earned by the club and all the expenses incurred by it. All the capital expenditures are considered and then a surplus or a deficit is calculated, which is to be shown in the balance sheet on liabilities side. The balance sheet is the statement of balances of all the accounts which are maintained by the club. It represents the financial position give a clear view about the liquidity of the club. All the assets and liabilities of club are to be shown in this statement. This is also prepared according to the standards and rules of accounting. Preparing separate accounts will give a clear view of the financial position of the club. Financial accounts of the club Income and Expenditure Account for the year ending 2015-16 Expenditure Amount Income Amount Printing and Stationery 3300 Subscriptions 19500 Leader's expenses 160 Bus Cancelation fees 4060 Trainers expenses 10720 Private buses 1440 Postage/telephone charges 60 Christmas party 1730 Insurance 880 cheese and Wine 170 Hire of halls 2850 donations 50 General 420 Secretary 1310 Treasurer 360 General Expenses 420 surplus 6470 Total 26950 Total 26950 Balance Sheet Equity and Liabilities Amount Assets capital fund ( Mr Smith bequest) 960 Cash 52210 surplus 6470 Deposits 1780 Suspense account 46560 Total 53990 Total 53990 Conclusion The report concludes that for choosing an investment proposal, NPV and payback period method can be used as they gives a clear idea about the profitability of the project. DDC use these method to decide whether to invest in that proposal or not. CVP analysis tools are used to determine a sale mix which can increase companys profits. Calculation of contribution per unit and identification of a sales mix are the elements used to perform an analysis of a limiting factor. The report shows that how DDC have identified its profit maximising sales mix with the presence of limiting factors. It also concludes that proper accounting rules should be adopted in preparation of final accounts of the company. Treasurer must adopted three golden accounting rules and the standards of accounting while making the financial statements of Bespoke Golf Club. Using them will help the club to represent a fair and clear view of its position to the investors, its members and many other users. References Bierman Jr, H., Smidt, S. (2012).The capital budgeting decision: economic analysis of investment projects. Routledge. Rajni, S. (2016).Basic accounting. [S.l.]: Prentice-Hall Of India.

Team Summary free essay sample

In week four material we learned about IT projects and how crucial and essential these projects are to a business. We learned the importance of these projects and project management. A key point discussed in week four material is project planning and the triple constraints of project management. The triple constraints of project managements include the time, scope, and cost of a project. Every project also should be assessed using five steps or stages: * Project Initiation Project Planning * Project Execution * Project Monitoring and Control * Project Completion We also learned about business programs and gained an understanding of the technical side and the many different steps required to build a successful program. Deciding on a type of program depends on a few important steps. There are different models an organization can utilize to assist in project management and execution. The Systems Development Life Cycle (SDLC) is an example of one way that companies use different steps to decide which program to use. We will write a custom essay sample on Team Summary or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The lifecycle involves six stages the systems investigation, systems analysis, systems design, programming and testing, implementation, and operation and maintenance. Systems Investigations are when developers research the existing problems with the current system. Then the developers examine the problem and determine the user requirements, which is Systems Analysis. System Design is the step when developers decide how to resolve the problem. Next the developers change the solution to the problem into computer code, which is Programming and Testing. Implementation happens when the old system is converted into the new system. To ensure the success of the new program, the developers schedule audits to assess the systems capabilities, which is Operation and Maintenance. The systems development life cycle is important because it forces staff to systematically go through every step in a structured process, enforces quality by maintaining standards, and lowers the probability of missing important issues in collecting user requirements. Many different presentation tools exist for businesses. These presentations can include features that enhance the presentation visually and assist a speaker in delivering a great presentation. Microsoft PowerPoint may be one of the most popular but many other designers are emerging. The choice to invest in a good presentation tool depends on the type of business and how often the business will use the presentation tool. The different presentation tools available can provide people and companies with a different edge on presenting their material. Although some of the different presentation tools may charge a fee, some monthly, some yearly, and some have a one-time fee, it may be in the best interest of a company to invest in a different type of presentation tools.

Sample Essay on Drunk Driving Effects

Sample Essay on Drunk Driving EffectsA sample essay on drunk driving effects can be very useful in teaching the subject in a classroom setting. In addition, it can also be helpful when students are working to answer the question that they have about the study and their own experiences with drunk driving. The purpose of a sample essay is to give the student examples and prompts to help them see what they need to do to prepare for a full-blown essay.The purpose of a sample essay on drunk driving effects is to give the student examples and prompts to help them see what they need to do to prepare for a full-blown essay. Some examples and prompts are specific to one situation, while others are more general and generic.Usually, the sample essays on drunk driving effects focus on an individual's reaction to a driving test. The idea is to get the student to explore how they reacted to the question on a sample driving test. These samples can include a high school, college or even graduate stu dent taking a driver's test. The student may feel like they are right about the result while some others may struggle to answer or provide any information at all.The sample will vary based on the nature of the research, type of research and number of samples that will be included. Other pieces of advice can be included as well. For example, a review of the principles behind DUI law is usually included.At this point, the original source of the information can be considered. Depending on the needs of the particular assignment, the information might come from a text book, a website or some other sources. The essay will reflect the amount of information that has been sourced and can usually be completed in as little as one or two days.The sample essay can also provide an outline for the essay. This can be used as a frame for the remainder of the assignment and as the basis for various parts of the material that will be used. Sometimes, the outline will even include a summary of the mate rial that is to be discussed.The outline can also include a summary of the original source of the information. The outline might also include any appendices that will be included. An appendix will contain comments from students who are encouraged to write in to share their experience with studying the material and help develop a new or improved method of writing for a similar topic.A sample essay on drunk driving effects can be used to cover a variety of different situations. This type of material can be used as a foundation for an entire class assignment or to supplement a research paper on DUI law. Either way, this type of project will require students to put in a little extra effort in order to complete it.

Free Essays on Stonewall Jackson

One of the most famous generals of the American Civil was Thomas Jonathan Jackson who served under Confederate General Robert E. Lee. During the First Battle of Bull Run, or Manassas, Jackson’s brigade faced overwhelming odds. General Barnard E. Bee, seeing Jackson’s line holding firm, said, â€Å"There is Jackson standing like a stone wall.† Hence from then on he was called Stonewall by his troops. Jackson was one out of many great generals during the Civil War, but he himself set the rest aside. He is perhaps the greatest of all of the generals during the Civil War. He was always known to be a military man and during the Civil War he brought out his skills and was declared a military genius by both the North and the South. His tactics were amazing and how he put great thought and detail into his strategic battles. Jackson’s young live wasn’t very pleasant by today’s standards. As a young boy he was an orphan, but Jackson rose above what he was expected of and became much higher than anyone could have ever dreamed he’d be. As a young man Jackson attended the U.S. Military’s academy at West Point. He was a bright student he finished in the top 60% of his class and for his situation that was quite an accomplishment. Jackson’s year of graduation was greeted by the Mexican War and he was sent off to action as a fresh officer just out of West Point. He would accomplish the rank of a Major by the time the war ended. Jackson had fought in a many battles in the Mexican war, but it seemed that almost all of them had little to no impact on the war. His first major battle that impacted a war was the Battle of Bull Run. His strategy was as a stern as a mule and Jackson held that hill with him and his five Virginia regiments. Then in the spring of 1862 a campaign was held that also helped to enhance Jackson’s fame. The campaign was held at the Shenandoah Valley in which Jackson helped to keep a moral high amongst the Sou... Free Essays on Stonewall Jackson Free Essays on Stonewall Jackson If you ask the average American student â€Å"who was Stonewall Jackson? The vast majority would answer â€Å"a famous Civil War solider.† Thomas Jackson is famous in the South for being one of the most famous and influential leaders of the Southern Confederate Army during The War Between the States. Thomas Jackson was born in Clarksburg, West Virginia, on January 21, 1824. His father, Johnathon ,was a very distinguished lawyer. He was the third to be born of four children. His youngest sister, Elizabeth, was born in 1819, Warren, 1821, and Laura Ann, 1826. Of these family members, one could assume that the deaths of his sister, at age six, followed by his father, at thirty-six, were psychologically significant in his life, and perhaps they contributed greatly to his overwhelmingly precautious decisions and â€Å"odd† behavior throughout his life. This is more clearly suggested by witnesses and friends who labeled him as a hypochondriac because of his unusual posture. His posture was, at least, described by him as unnatural and he would always sit up straight because he didn’t want to bend his internal organs or â€Å"innards† as he would call them. When he first enrolled at West Point he was very shy, keeping to his self initially along with having a pers onality that was hard to label. In early childhood, he developed both an interest in the principles of Christianity and became inspired through military history. Jackson rose through the ranks to become General in a serious of assignments, which started, in May of 1863, and ended in May 10, 1863. The most famous accomplishment was seen in his defeat of Grant's Union Army under Freemont in the winter with his 1st Brigade and 2nd Corps division of the Shenandoah Valley. This campaign was to hold the Northern Virginia Line which was so successful, that it granted him the title of [L.T.] General. "Stonewall" Jackson that we know of today. Jackson’s sense of loyalty and obligation ... Free Essays on Stonewall Jackson One of the most famous generals of the American Civil was Thomas Jonathan Jackson who served under Confederate General Robert E. Lee. During the First Battle of Bull Run, or Manassas, Jackson’s brigade faced overwhelming odds. General Barnard E. Bee, seeing Jackson’s line holding firm, said, â€Å"There is Jackson standing like a stone wall.† Hence from then on he was called Stonewall by his troops. Jackson was one out of many great generals during the Civil War, but he himself set the rest aside. He is perhaps the greatest of all of the generals during the Civil War. He was always known to be a military man and during the Civil War he brought out his skills and was declared a military genius by both the North and the South. His tactics were amazing and how he put great thought and detail into his strategic battles. Jackson’s young live wasn’t very pleasant by today’s standards. As a young boy he was an orphan, but Jackson rose above what he was expected of and became much higher than anyone could have ever dreamed he’d be. As a young man Jackson attended the U.S. Military’s academy at West Point. He was a bright student he finished in the top 60% of his class and for his situation that was quite an accomplishment. Jackson’s year of graduation was greeted by the Mexican War and he was sent off to action as a fresh officer just out of West Point. He would accomplish the rank of a Major by the time the war ended. Jackson had fought in a many battles in the Mexican war, but it seemed that almost all of them had little to no impact on the war. His first major battle that impacted a war was the Battle of Bull Run. His strategy was as a stern as a mule and Jackson held that hill with him and his five Virginia regiments. Then in the spring of 1862 a campaign was held that also helped to enhance Jackson’s fame. The campaign was held at the Shenandoah Valley in which Jackson helped to keep a moral high amongst the Sou...

M5 Reflection Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

M5 Reflection - Essay Example Therefore, it follows that if the administrator motivates his teaching staff, the same concept can be transferred by the teaching staff to students (Skretta, 2007. The underlying concept is that the administrator will be able to perceive and direct his individual efforts towards connecting professionally with the larger teaching and learning community. Staff experience is critical in hiring effective teachers (Melnick & Meister, 2008). An experienced staff can design interview questions during hiring and determine levels of effectiveness. Essentially, this means he staff can also participate in the development of the new teachers. Teacher development knowledge can be related to staff members by ensuring it is an ongoing process (Bloom, 2007). Equally importantly, professional development will need to be differentiated from academic development. Ethical decisions during hiring include just and unprejudiced judgments. Teachers will be hired strictly on merit rather than vested interests. This also entails having the right recruitment and hiring teams in place. Guiding principles that ensure interaction with teachers is fair and characterized by integrity must be based on teacher support systems (Perez-Katz, 2007). The essence of this approach is apparent when viewed from the angle that such relationships must stem from the need of d eveloping teachers, creating appropriate learning environments and ultimately aimed at improving student performance. One strategy to improve teacher support is to first identify the different levels of support needed by different teachers (Skretta, 2007. Again, the key tool is differentiating professional from academic development. It is also crucial for the school to own the curriculum and then pair teaching time in which teachers learn to work collaboratively (Perez-Katz, 2007). Differentiated, learner-centered can be used

Stakeholder Comparative Study Case Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Stakeholder Comparative - Case Study Example The companies of interest in this analysis do belong to industries which are very different in nature and which therefore carry different potential and impacts on the regarded interest of the stakeholder they represent. The environment in which they operate in, their industry, the state of their local economy, the overall sizes of their respective industries, their global impacts, their related risks, their economic values are all aspects that are determined in part by the composition of their respective stakeholders and the type of value they are able to offer those from a social, political, and economic perspective. British Land Company plc is the largest property investment company in Britain, with a current portfolio of  £14.6 billion. The Company’s portfolio focuses on areas where the principles of supply and demand have shown to remain strong in the long term. About 41% is invested in large town retail properties, such as Meadowhall Shopping Centre in Sheffield, 88 sup ermarkets and 66 retail warehouses (BL 2007). Another main area of focus of the company is on office properties in central London, with a comparable rate attaining 33% of the company’s overall property portfolio, with notable offices such as the Broadgate Estate, Liverpool Street Station, and Regent’s Place. The Group employs 186 staff members at its headquarters in the London office. Their activities are focused on the integrated core disciplines of strategic property investment, management, development, and financing.  ... The Group outsources the day-to-day operational management of its portfolio, and other non-core disciplines to third party members. The British Land Company's primary objective is to produce superior, sustained and secured long-term shareholder returns via the development, management and financing of chosen real estate activities. The company recognizes that environmental and social considerations should be integrated with everyday working practices and they are embedded into its corporate values. The structure of British Land's corporate responsibility (CR) committee ensures that CR is integrated at every level. The committee consists of the head of each department. Each member has responsibility for a different aspect of CR ( for example, employee volunteering) and reports back to the COO on that area. Shell Petroleum Development Company of Nigeria (SPDC) (SPDC) of Nigeria is a subsidiary of the Royal Dutch/Shell group of companies. SPDC is 100% Shell owned, but it operates a joint venture on behalf of the Nigerian government, to explore and produce crude oil and natural gas. In this joint venture, the Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation (NNPC), a state-owned company, has a 55% stake and SPDC has a 30% stake (10% belongs to France's Total and 5% to Italy's Agip). The joint venture is the largest producer of crude oil in Nigeria, with around 1 million barrels of oil per day, accounting for about 40% of the country's oil production (SPDC 2007). SPDC employees almost 5000 staff directly (95% Nigerians). However, another 20.000 people are employed indirectly, because there are many day-to-day activities carried out by sub-contractors (e.g. exploration surveys, drilling for oil, construction of facilities etc.). The mission of SPDC is

Bombs on Japanese Essay Example for Free

Bombs on Japanese Essay A number of analyses have been conducted on the bombing action that was carried out in the month of August the year nineteen forty five by the US on Japanese cities. This bombing was very significant since it resulted to a very large number of deaths and further effects which are still evident in some people including those caused by radiation. The main reason as to why this action has attracted a wide range to philosophical analysis is that; despite the fact that so many people died from the bombing, US government still hold it that their action was grounded on morality. They argue that they had saved greater damage from resulting from war and should be thanked rather than condemned. ETHICS ANALYSIS Introduction When Second World War was coming to an end, US grew impatient and decided to speed up its ending. US made use of atomic bombs to attack Japan which managed to kill a large Japanese population and wounding a larger number as well. This action carried out by US has been widely analyzed by philosophers with John Stuart being one of them. John has based his analysis on the bombing morality which contributes to a deeper understanding of events that took place, causes as well as effects that accompanied the action. He begins with noting that the bombing action was among the most significant events that took place during the Second World War. The actual bombing took place in two places; one was dropped in Nagasaki while the other bombing took place in Hiroshima. Two hundred thousand people died immediately the bombing was carried out while about one hundred and thirty thousand more people lost their lives in a period of five years that followed. The subsequent deaths were caused by aftermath effects of bombing including trauma and radiation. Further more, about three hundred thousand people are found to suffer from bombing effects in several ways including disability. Daniels (2008 pp 37-40) Morality of US Bombings on Japan Despite the fact that bombing caused great damage on Japan citizens, American government has not taken a moment to apologize for its devastating actions. On the contrary, Americans led by Harry Truman have opted to justify their actions giving moral reasons as to why they attacked Japan even after they had lost war. One such instance where this has happened is when Truman was writing about the issue in nineteen fifty eight where he commented that he did not have any reservations concerning the bombing. These words reached the Japanese in good time and city council of Hiroshima criticized Truman’s words noting that they signified great defilement to people affected by the bombing. Instead of declining his statement, Truman arranged a meeting where he addressed an American press conference outlining justification for bombing. He said that Japan tempted the US to act since they had attacked them at the Harbor of Pearl earlier before the bombing and this was just a â€Å"pay back†. Truman’s comments were backed by other Americans who were eager to show the morality of bombing among them being Paul Fussell, who had a disbelief in war. Paul argued that revenge from US did not represent a reasonable motive though it was still America’s motive when it was destroying Japanese Empire. Paul also point out on disbelieve on Americans who regard the nineteen forty five bombing as an action of violence that they did not support since during the actual time of bombing, almost every American was delighted. The delight did not only come from the fact that war period was shortened which saved a great number of Americans from perishing but also for the reason that Japanese deserved to be punished for attacking American troops at the harbor of Pearl. More evidence, of Americans’ delight was noted where about twenty three percent of them suggested on dropping of more bombs on Japanese. Mearsheimer (2001 pp 17-24)